دانلود کتاب شکل دهی Metal Forming: Mechanics and Metallurg

• Stress and Strain

Stress

Stress transformation

Principal stresses

Mohr’s circle equations

Strain

Small strains

The strain tensor

Isotropic elasticity

Strain energy

Force and moment balances

Boundary conditions

NOTES OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

APPENDIX – EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS

PROBLEMS

• Plasticity

Yield criteria

Tresca criterion

Von Mises criterion

Plastic work

Effective stress

Effective strain

Flow rules

Normality principle

Derivation of the von Mises effective strain

NOTES OF INTEREST

CONTENTS

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Strain Hardening

The tension test

Elastic–plastic transition

Engineering vs true stress and strain

A power-law expression

Other strain hardening approximations

Behavior during necking

Compression testing

Bulge testing

Plane-strain compression

Torsion testing

NOTE OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Instability

Uniaxial tension

Effect of inhomogeneities

Balanced biaxial tension

Pressurized thin-wall sphere

Significance of instability

NOTE OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Temperature and Strain-Rate Dependence

Strain rate

Superplasticity

Effect of inhomogeneities

Combined strain and strain-rate effects

Alternative description of strain-rate dependence

Temperature dependence of flow stress

Deformation mechanism maps

Hot working

Temperature rise during deformation

NOTES OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Work Balance

Ideal work

CONTENTS vii

Extrusion and drawing

Deformation efficiency

Maximum drawing reduction

Effects of die angle and reduction

Swaging

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Slab Analysis and Friction

Sheet drawing

Wire and rod drawing

Friction in plane-strain compression

Sticking friction

Mixed sticking–sliding conditions

Constant shear stress interface

Axially symmetric compression

Sand-pile analogy

Flat rolling

Roll flattening

Roll bending

Coining

Dry friction

Lubricants

Experimental findings

Ring friction test

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Upper-Bound Analysis

Upper bounds

Energy dissipation on plane of shear

Plane-strain frictionless extrusion

Plane-strain frictionless indentation

Plane-strain compression

Another approach to upper bounds

Combined upper-bound analysis

Plane-strain drawing

Axisymmetric drawing

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Slip-Line Field Analysis

Introduction

Governing stress equations

viii CONTENTS

Boundary conditions

Plane-strain indentation

Hodographs for slip-line fields

Plane-strain extrusion

Energy dissipation in a slip-line field

Metal distortion

Indentation of thick slabs

Plane-strain drawing

Constant shear–stress interfaces

Pipe formation

NOTES OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

PROBLEMS

• Deformation-Zone Geometry

Theparameter

Friction

Redundant deformation

Inhomogeneity

Internal damage

Residual stresses

Comparison of plane-strain and axisymmetric deformation

NOTE OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Formability

Ductility

Metallurgy

Ductile fracture

Hydrostatic stress

Bulk formability tests

Formability in hot working

NOTE OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Bending

Sheet bending

Bending with superimposed tension

Neutral axis shift

Bendability

CONTENTS ix

Shape bending

Forming limits in bending

NOTE OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Plastic Anisotropy

Crystallographic basis

Measurement ofR

Hill’s anisotropic plasticity theory

Special cases of Hill’s yield criterion

Nonquadratic yield criteria

Calculation of anisotropy from crystallographicconsiderations

NOTE OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Cupping, Redrawing, and Ironing

Cup drawing

Anisotropic effects in drawing

Effects of strain hardening in drawing

Analysis of assumptions

Effects of tooling on cup drawing

Earing

Redrawing

Ironing

Residual stresses

NOTES OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Forming Limit Diagrams

Localized necking

Forming limit diagrams

Experimental determination of FLDs

Calculation of forming limit diagrams

Factors affecting forming limits

Changing strain paths

Stress-based forming limits

NOTE OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

x CONTENTS

• Stamping

Stamping

Draw beads

Strain distribution

Loose metal and wrinkling

Flanging

Springback

Strain signatures

Tailor-welded blanks

Die design

Toughness and sheet tearing

General observations

NOTES OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Other Sheet-Forming Operations

Roll forming

Spinning

Hydroforming of tubes

Free expansion of tubes

Hydroforming into square cross section

Bent sections

Shearing

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Formability Tests

Cupping tests

LDH test

Post-uniform elongation

OSU formability test

Hole expansion

Hydraulic bulge test

Duncan friction test

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

• Sheet Metal Properties

Introduction

Surface appearance

Strain aging

Aluminum-killed steels

Interstitial-free steels

CONTENTS xi

HSLA steels

Dual-phase and complex-phase steels

Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels

Martensitic steels

Trends

Special sheet steels

Surface treatment

Stainless steels

Aluminum alloys

Copper and brass

Hexagonal close-packed metals

Tooling

Product uniformity

NOTES OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

PROBLEMS

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